The Motivations of Domestic Travel during the Outbreak of Covid-19

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Prof of Tourism Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD. Student in Tourism, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

10.22080/jtpd.2022.21711.3568

Abstract

Health strategies for covid19 have stopped travel and tourism activities around the world and have undeniably led to a decrease in international travel, followed by an increase in domestic travel demand. Although tourism is resilient, the unprecedented impacts of covid19 indicate a crisis in this industry. The crisis that is not only different, but can have long-term structural changes in tourism. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the tourists’ motivations to make domestic travel during the outbreak of Covid19. This study is a qualitative research. The sampling method was purposive and the number of statistical samples based on achieving theoretical saturation was 17 and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA in the framework of three steps; open, axial, and selective coding. The findings show that there are various motivation factors for travel during the Covid19 outbreak. As a result of this research, it was found that the existence of tourist’s push motivation has led to the formation of pull motivation for travel in this period. Inhibitory factors were also identified, although they did not stop the domestic tourists from traveling, made them change their usual travel patterns.

Keywords


Adeloye, D., & Brown, L. (2017). Terrorism and domestic tourist risk perceptions. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 1-18.
Botha, B. (2011). Travel motives of tourists to selected national parks in South Africa. Master thesis, North-west University.
Brokaj, R. (2014). Local government`s Role in The Sustainable Tourism Development of a Destination. European Scientific Journal.10(31):103-117.
Cao, S. (2019). The motivation of the Chinese post-90s generation for travelling abroad, master thesis, Victoria University of Wellington.
Carballo, R.R., Carmelo J. León, C.L., & Carballo, M.M. (2017). The perception of risk by international travelers, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 9(5):534-542.
Chua, B., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J. & Han, H. (2020). Tourists’ outbound travel behavior in the aftermath of the COVID-19: role of corporate social responsibility, response effort, and health prevention. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 1-29.
Cori, L., Bianchi, F., Cadum, E., & Anthonj, C. (2020). Risk Perception and COVID-19, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.1-6.
Dabphet, S. (2013). The Key Stakeholders in The Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Development in Two Rural Towns of Thailand. Department of Tourism, Faulty of Business, Economics and Communications, Naresuan University, Thailand.
Dean, D., & Suhartanto, S. (2019): The formation of visitor behavioral intention to creative tourism: the role of push–Pull motivation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 1-11.
Depoux, A., Martin, Sam., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A., & Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine. 27(3):1-4
European Commission. (2020). Behavioural changes in tourism in times of COVID-19. the Joint Research Centre (JRC).
Fredvig-Erichsen, C. (2020). Norm-Activation Theory and Tourists’ Perception of Responsibility, Master’s Thesis, University of Stavanager.
Franco, M., & Estevão, C. (2010). The role of tourism public-private partnerships in regional development: a conceptual model proposal. Cadernos EBAPE.BR. 8(4):601-612.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C.M. (2020): Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 1-20.
Ho, J.A., Chia, K.W., Ng, S. I., & Ramachandran, S. (2013). Problems and Stakeholder Responsibilities in Island Tourism: The Case of Tioman Island in Malaysia. 1-30.
Hsu, T., Tsai, Y., & Wu, H. (2009). The preference analysis for tourist choice of destination: A case study of Taiwan. Tourism Management. 30:288–297
Ioannides, D., & Gyimóthy, S. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies. 1-11.
Iaquinto, L.B. (2020). Tourist as vector: Viral mobilities of COVID-19. Dialogues in Human Geography.10(2) 174–177.
Jiang, S. (2019). Exploring Experience and Motivation Using Means-end Chain Theory. In N. Scott., J. Gao., & J. Ma (eds) Visitor Experience Design. CABI, UK.
Lee, T.H., & Hsieh, H. (2016). Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan’s wetland. Ecological Indicators. 67: 779–787.
Lee, S. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and COVID-19: Research implications. Tourism Economics. 1–7.
Li, S.R., & Ito, N. (2021). “Nothing Can Stop Me!” Perceived Risk and Travel Intention Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Wuhan and Sapporo. In W. Wörndl., C, Koo., & J. L., Stienmetz. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021 (490-503), Springer Nature Switzerland.
Luo, W., Tang, P., Jiang, L., & Su, M.M. (2020). Influencing mechanism of tourist social responsibility awareness on environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production. 1-11.
Moya Calderón, M., Chavarría Esquivel, K., Arrieta García, M. M., & Lozano, C. B. (2021). Tourist behaviour and dynamics of domestic tourism in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
Naidoo, P., Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, N., & Janvier, S. (2015). Investigating the motivation of baby boomers for adventure tourism. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 175, 244-251.
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism.1-14.
Paskova, M., & Zelenka, J. (2016). Social Responsibility Role in Tourism Sustainability, in Jedlic ka, P. (Ed.), Proceedings of International Conference Hradec Economic Days.
Paskova, M., & Zelenka, J. (2019). How crucial is the social responsibility for tourism sustainability?, Social responsibility Journal. 15(4):534-552.
Qiu, T.R.R., Parkb, J., Lic, S., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research. 84:1-14.
Roy, G., & Sharma, S. (2020). Analyzing one-day tour trends during COVID 19 disruption – applying push and pull theory and text mining approach. Tourism Recreation Research. 1-16.
Sánchez-Cañizares, S.M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L.J., Muñoz- Fernández, G.,   Fuentes-García, F.G. (2020). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism. 1-18.
Salimon, M. G., Kareem, O., Mokhtar, S.S.M., Yusoff, R.Z., & Gorondutse, A.H. (2019). Tourism Intention: The Empirical Investigations of Pull, Push and Perceived Security Factors in Nigeria. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 25(2):358-374.
Schroeder, A., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2016). Moving the Travel Risk Literature Forward Conceptually and Operationally, ttra International Conference. 1-11.
Seebaluck, N. V., Munhurrun, P. R., Naidoo, P., & Rughoonauth, P. (2015). An analysis of the push and pull motives for choosing Mauritius as “the” wedding destination. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 175: 201 – 209.
Slivar, I. (2018). Stakeholders in a Tourist Destination – Matrix of Possible Relationships Towards Sustainability. Open Journal for Research in Economics. 1(1), 1-10.
Sinulingga, S. (2021) Tourism & Covid-19 (Coronavirus Impact Inventory to Tourism Stakeholders in North Sumatera). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal). 4(1):170-179.
Swanson, K. (2014). Souvenirs, Tourists, and Tourism. In A. A. Lew., C. M. Hall., &A. M. Williams, Wiley Blackwell Companions to Tourism, Wiley Blackwell.
Tayebi Abolhasani, A. (2019). Introduction to Research Methodology: Standard procedures for qualitative data analysis. Journal of Science and Technology. 9(2):67-94 [In Persian]
Thams, A., Zech, N., Rempel, D., & Ayia-Koi, A. (2020). An initial assessment of economic impacts and operational challenges for the tourism & hospitality industry due to COVID-19. IUBH Discussion Papers - Tourismus & Hospitality.2 (2): 1-16.
Tinakhat, P. (2020). A Study of Tourist Motivation toward Destination Loyalty: Targeting European Tourists Travelling to Phuket. Thammasat Review. 23(2): 22-46.
Ting, H., Jean, L.X., Meng, L.C., Cheah, J., & Cheer, J.M. (2020). Responsible Tourism: A Call to Action for Turbulent Times, Asian Journal of Business Research. 10(2):1-13
UNWTO. (2020).  International Tourism and covid-19 .https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
Woo, E., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M.J. (2016). Tourism Impact and Stakeholders’Quality of Life.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 42(2):1-27.
Xiao-jing, X., Hong-zhi, G., Chang-fu, L., Yan., H., & Xin, Z. (2014). The elderly travel motivation empirical research based on the theory of push and pull. BTAIJ. 10(16): 9391-9397.
Yousaf, A., Amin, I., & Santos, J.A.C. (2018). Tourist's Motivations toTravel: A Theoretical Perspective on the Existing Literature.Tourism and Hospitality Management.24(1):197-211.
Zheng, S. (2018). Evaluating The Impact of Travel Motivations, Sensation Seeking, Destination Percived Risk on Consumer Choice, Master's Thesis, Shanghai Normal University.