Analyzing the Socio-economic and Environmental Effects of Rural Tourism (Case Study: Navareh Village)

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Tourism and tourism industry are important parts of sustainable development and known as a tool for improving people’s livelihoods in most developing countries. Rural tourism is now considered as a part of the great industry of tourism as it plays a motive force in the economic growth as well as social development of villages. This industry provides a leading opportunity, can result in the regional economic diversity and providing productive employment opportunities on the basis of the potentials existing in the village, can incur increases in local incomes and population maintenance in the village. Nowadays, one of the most important rural development strategies is tourism as it can help reducing poverty and associates livelihoods opportunities because of tourism’s ability to generate jobs and support income. Iran has great capability and potential in the field of this multi-dimensional industry having more than 75 thousand villages, that some of them posse wonderful historic and natural perspectives. Obviously, rural tourism has many economic and social effects such as preventing the flow of rural migration, raising income levels of rural households and creating demand for agricultural products and handicrafts in countries like Iran. Therefore, recognizing these factors would help better planning for tourism industry development in rural areas.
 
Materials and Methods
This study aims to analyze socio-economic and environmental effects of rural tourism in Navare village which is located in Kurdistan province with its beautiful environmental view and ecological capacity. Evidence shows that rural tourism in this region has special feature of natural tourism enjoying beautiful environmental perspectives so it could help achieving development goals in this area. With the prevalence of tourism in the province, the development of tourism industry has moderately facilitated local economy and increased the employment opportunity. The village has about 980 residents with 330 households so it was selected as the study area of this research. The main instrument of data collection from the field was a questionnaire that initially its validity and reliability was obtained. Studied population consisted of 120 rural households that selected from total population of the study. The questionnaire’s validity confirmed by a panel of specialist and faculty members and its reliability was measured by a pre-test of questionnaire using Coronbach’s alpha in which it was 0/85 that was acceptable. The acquired data and information analyzed using SPSS software. With regard to the goals of the study, the research method is descriptive and casual analysis fundamentally. A confirmatory factor analysis was used and the structural equation model using the LISREL software also applied to measure different effects of tourism section in the area. LISREL is one SEM technique which combines the concepts of both factor analysis and path analysis and it is appropriate to analyze the data in social and behavioral research fields. The LISREL can simultaneously process multiple sets of variable relationships to estimate the parameters in an entire system of linear equations in a model.
Discussions and Results
In order to assess social dimension 10 parameters, economic dimension 15 parameters, and environmental dimension 14 parameters were considered. Although, research findings and observations generally indicate lack of necessary infrastructure including residential locations, catering, recreation and tourism development in the area but the area has high natural capacity for eco-tourism. In the Lisrel model of analysis, Fitness indices are placed into three main groups including: Goodness of Fit index, Comparative Fit Index, and Parsimonious Goodness of Fit index.  This study examined variables in the three intended main groups (social- economic and environmental) and then summarized by developing a conceptual model for validation of structural equation models by entering data into the desired end. The model was examined using intended indicators to evaluate three kinds of indices which above mentioned. Research findings reveal that (AGFI = 0.91, GFI= 0.92), (NNFI = 0.91, CFI= 0.90), and (RMSEA= 0.075 and      = 1.818). The important factors that have effected rural tourism were social factors such as inceasing people’s awareness, good relationship with tourists, decreaing local solidairty. The next effective factors were in order economic (people imcome and increasing products price) and environmental factors such as environment destruction and polution.
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained from factor analysis, three groups of factors including economic, social, and environmental have affected the development of rural tourism in the study area. Among these factors, "social factor" with 0/55 Coefficient effects and 0/30 percent of the total variance, has explained the greatest amount of variance accounted for significant share of the effects of rural tourism. Therefore, the planners and policymakers of rural tourism in order to develop the tourism industry in this area, they should pay attention to socio-economic, and environmental indicators mainly education of local people on tourism absorption, marketing their own local products, quality of their products, introducing village old history to interested people, improving and conserving local environment for development of the area and similar areas.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Rural Tourism, Tourism Effects, Navare, Sanandaj County.
References

Anabestani, A.A., Saidi, A. and Darvishi, H. (2012). The effects Survey of economic, social and environmental development of tourism in rural settlements from the perspective of tourists and villagers (Case study: Arjan plain-Persian), Spatial planning, 2(2): 1-20. (In Persian)
Azmi, A., Imani, B. and Khani, F. (2011). The effects of tourism activities on the environment (Case Study: Bile Daragh village), New Approaches in Human Geography, 3: 13-25. (In Persian)
Babakhanzade, A. and Lutfi, S. (2012). Assess the impacts of tourism on the village castle ghorie, Tourism Management Studies, 7(20): 81-116. (In Persian)
Behbodi, H. (1389). Survey socio-economic functions aqueduct in achieving sustainable rural development, Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Resources, 7(27): 57-63. (In Persian)
Bostan, A. and Ferdowsi, S. (2010). Reviews Outcomes and the effects of tourism on the development of rural areas, Regional Conference on Tourism and Development, Yasouj University. (In Persian)
Bourghani Farahani, S., Farhangi, A. A. and Mashhadi, S. (2012). Analysis indexes affecting the development of rural tourism industry. (Survey of the villages, garmeh), Governmental Management, 5(1): 41-64. (In Persian)
Dadvrkhany, F., Rezvani, M.R., Emini gheshlagh, S. and Bouzarjomehri, KH. (2011). Analysis the role of tourism in the development of entrepreneurial characteristics and the trend of entrepreneurship among rural youths (Case Study: the Kandovan village and Iskandar city Osku), Human Geography Research, (78): 195-169. (In Persian)
Dadvrkhany, F., Rezvani, M.R., Emini gheshlagh, S. and Bouzarjomehri, K.H. (2009). The effects of coastal tourism with an emphasis on a survey of rural households, Journal of Human Geography, 1(4): 51-64.  (In Persian)
Dram, A. and Moore, A. (2008). Eco-tourism development (Guide Managers and the planners Environmental Protection), Translation, Kalantari, M. Shokrollah Zadeh, GH. Zanjan knowledge.
Dwyer L., Edwards D., Mistilis N., Roman C. and Scott, N.  )2009(. Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future, Tourism Management, (30)2: 63–74.
Gay, CH.V. (2001). Tourism in Holistic Perspective, Translation Parsaeian and Aarabi, Tehran, Publications Office of Cultural Research.
Ghaderi, Z. (2004). The Principles of Sustainable Development Planning of Rural Tourism,
  Tehran: Publications of the country's municipalities and village Yaryhay. (In Persian)
Ghadiry Masoom, M., Baghyani, H.R. and Nourani, H. (2012). The role of rural tourism in between city and village in the city of Taleghan, Journal of Specialized Spatial Planning, 2(1): 27-48. (In Persian)
Hasanvand, A. and Hasanvand, A. (2011). Feasibility of rural tourism and its impact on rural development, (Case studies region Kahman In the city series), Rural Development, 3(2):187-200. (In Persian)
Hejazizadeh, Z., Rajai rizi, M.A, and Hossein Amini, H. (2013). Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of rural tourism development, A Case Study on Rural Eco Museum Abyaneh-Isfahan, Planning and Tourism Development, 2(5): 76-50. (In Persian)
Hoyle, R.H. (2012). Handbook of Structure Equation Modeling, New York: The Guliford press.
Inskeep, E.  (1991). Tourism Planning Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach, New York.
Islam, N. (1998). The Nonfarm Sector and Rural Development, International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.
Karami dehkordi, M., Mirakzadeh, .A. A. and Ghiasvand ghiasi, F. (2011). Analysis of factors affecting the development of rural tourism from the perspective of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Geography and Environmental Planning, 23(1): 99-112. (In Persian)
MAF Achievement Fund (2009). Sustainable Tourism for Rural Development, Country: Republic of Serbia.
Mohseni, R.A. (2009). Sustainable tourism in Iran: Functions and challenges and solutions, Geographical Space, 9(28): 149-171. (In Persian)
Molera, L. and Pilar, A. )2007(. Profiling segments of tourists in rural area of area of South- Eastern Spain, Tourism Management, 28:757–767.
Norris, M. and Winston, N. (2007).  Second Homes in Scenic Rural Areas of Ireland: Prelminary Results from a Study a Social, Economic and Enviromental Impacts,  Paper Presented at: The European Network For Housing Research (ENHR) International Conference on Sustainable Urban Areas, 25-28 June.
Nouri, H.A., Sorye, F., Kazemi, Z. and Gholami, A.R. (2012). Investigation Advertising Verbal and analysis of its impact on of rural tourism, Case Study of Villages The purpose of tourism Paveh city, Applied Research Geographical Sciences, 12(24): 83-102. (In Persian)
Ranjbarian, B., Khazaeipool, J. and Balavy Jamkhaneh, H. (2012). Analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Foreign Tourism in Isfahan province by using AHP fuzzy, Planning and Development of Tourism, 1(1): 13-34. (In Persian)
Rezai, R. A, Sharifzadeh, A. and Asadpaaske, A.A. (2011). Analyze the negative consequences of tourism development in rural areas Qazvin Province (Case study: Gazarkhan Village), Housing and Rural Environment, 1(37): 83-96. (In Persian)
Rezvani, M.R. (2004). Introduction to Rural Development Planning in Iran, Tehran: Ghomes. (In Persian)
Rezvani, M.R. and Safai, M.J. (2005). Second home tourism and its effects on rural areas (Case Study: Rural areas north of Tehran), Geographical Research, 54: 109-122. (In Persian)
Roknoldin eftekhari, A. R., Mahdavi, D. and Pour Taheri, M. (2011). Assessing the sustainability of cultural-historical tourism in the villages of Iran with emphasis on sustainable tourism development paradigm, Tourism Studies, 14: 1-39. (In Persian)
Roknoldin eftekhari, A.R., Mahdavi, D. and Pour Taheri, M. (2011). Indigenous process of indigenization process indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism in Iran, Rural Research, 4: 1-41. (In Persian)
Sadr Mousavi, M. and Dakhili khnamoe, J. (2007). Evaluation of tourism facilities in the eyes of tourists East Azarbaijan Province, Geographical Research, 61: 60-68. (In Persian)
Samian, M. and Balali, H. (2013). Socio-economic effects of rural tourism by using a system approach (Case Study: Farjyn village in Hamedan), Planning and Development of Tourism, 2(1): 159-180. (In Persian)
Sharifzadeh, A. and Moradnezhad, H. (2002). Sustainable development and rural, Tourism Social Economic Jihad, June and July, Number 250-251: 52-55. (In Persian)
Sharpley J.R. (1997). Rural Tourism: An introduction. ITP, London: ITP Press.
Sharpley, R. (2001). Rural Tourism, Translation: Monshizadeh, R. Tehran: publishing secretary. (In Persian)
Slee, B. (1997). The economic impact of alternative types of rural tourism, Journal of Agricaltural Economics, (10)6: 179-192.
Soleimani Harouni, K.H. (2009). Rural tourism Planned, The key to sustainable rural development, First National Conference Agricultural Extension and Education Students, Tehran. (In Persian)
Soteriades, Morios (2002). Tourism and environment in rural areas, Available on: www.fund.acbe/prelude.
Tsephe, N.P. and Eyono Obono, S.D. (2013). A theoretical framework for rural tourism motivation factors, International Journal of Social, Education, Economics and Management Engineering, (7)1: 1-6.
 Weaver, D.M. (2000). Tourism Management, Australia: John Wiley & sons Press.
Wiliam, A.M. and Hall, C.M. (2009). Tourism and migration: new relationship between production and consumption, Tourism Geographies, (1)1: 5-27.

.