تدوین مدل مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار برای حفاظت از پارک‌های ملّی

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی و گردشگری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

10.22080/jtpd.2022.22373.3619

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار، یکی از مهم‌ترین اهداف جوامع است که در راستای حفاظت از محیط‌زیست و منابع طبیعی صورت می‌دهند. پارک‌های ملّی از اصلی‌ترین منابع طبیعی و زیست‌محیطی برای گردشگری هستند که نیازمند حفاظت همه‌جانبه می‌باشند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تدوین مدل مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار برای حفاظت از پارک‌های ملّی است.
روش‌شناسی: این تحقیق، با توجه به هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی است و روش تحقیق آن، روش ترکیبی با رویکرد نسبی متوالی با وزن برابر است. این پژوهش در سه فاز کیفی-کیفی-کمّی انجام می‌شود که به ترتیب از سه روش "فراترکیب-تحلیل مضمون-پیمایش" در آن استفاده شده است.
یافته‌ها: در فاز اول تحقیق، محقق با استفاده از روش فراترکیب از میان 265 مقاله، 52 مورد را که مطابق با موضوع و محتوای تحقیق بودند، ناسایی و با بررسی محتوای آن‌ها، تنها تعداد 17 مقاله را در فرآیند فراترکیب وارد نمود. در مرحلۀ بعد، یعنی روش تحلیل مضمون، با استفاده از ابزاری چون مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته، 162 شاخص شناسایی شدند که از میان آن‌ها 46 مضمون پایه، 12 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده و 3 مضمون فراگیر استخراج شد. در فاز سوم، یعنی فاز کمّی، با ابزار پرسش‌نامه، تمامی شاخص‌ها از دیدگاه خبرگان امر مورد بررسی و نظر قرار گرفتند که در نهایت، شاخص‌هایی چون "نقش نهادها و سازمان‌های متولی، توسعۀ زیرساخت‌های حفاظت از محیط، نقش جامعه، تعریف مسأله و تنظیم دستور کار" به عنوان مهم‌ترین و مؤثرترین شاخص‌های مدل مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار برای حفاظت از پارک‌های ملّی در نظر گرفته شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با ایجاد و اتخاذ مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار برای حفاظت از پارک‌های ملّی می‌توان ضمن برقراری ارتباط و تعامل در سه سطح مهم و کلیدی "جامعه، نهادها و سازمان‌های متولی، گردشگران و بازدیدکنندگان"، اقدامات اساسی در جهت حفظ و توسعۀ آن‌ها را در قالب مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی پایدار در حوزۀ گردشگری، عملی ساخت.
نوآوری و اصالت: تحقیق حاضر برای اولین بار به تدوین مدل مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری پایدار برای حفاظت از پارک‌های ملّی پرداخته است و از لحاظ روش‌شناسی نیز در زمرۀ معدود تحقیقاتی است که از رویکرد نسبی متوالی با وزن برابر استفاده کرده است. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق می‌توانند برای سازمان‌های متولی به صورت اجرایی قابل استفاده باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Atkins S, Lewin S, Smith H, Engel M, Fretheim A, Volmink J. (2008). Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: lessons learnt. BMC Med Res Methodol. 8, 21-31. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-21.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001), “Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research”, Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Badola, R., Barthwal, S., & Hussain, S. A. (2012). Attitudes of local communities towards conservation of mangrove forests: A case study from the east coast of India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 96, 188-196.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.016.
Bhammar, H.; Li, W.; Molina, C.M.M.; Hickey, V.; Pendry, J.; Narain, U. (2021). Framework for Sustainable Recovery of Tourism in Protected Areas. Sustainability. 13(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052798Aca.
Birkland, Thomas A., (2019). An introduction to the policy process : theories, concepts, and models of public policy. 5th edition. New York, NY : Routledge.
Braun, V & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol, 3 (2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buerhaus P. I., DesRoches C., Applebaum S., Hess R., Norman L. D., Donelan K. (2012). Are nurses ready for health care reform? A decade of survey research. Nursing Economics. 30(6), 318–330. https://doi.org//235369216_
Bunruamkaew, Kh & Murayama, Y. (2012). Land Use and Natural Resources Planning for Sustainable Ecotourism Using GIS in Surat Thani, Thailand. Sustainability. 4(3), 412-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4030412.
Cairns VA, Reid GS, Murray C. (2015). Family members’ experience of seeking help for first-episode psychosis on behalf of a loved one: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Early Interv Psychiatry. (2015) 9(3), 185–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12157.
Catibog-Sinha, C. S. & Bushell, R. (2002). Understanding the linkage between biodiversity and tourism: A study of ecotourism in a coastal village in Fiji. Pacific Tourism Review, 6(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/2002/00000006/00000001
Chang, Min-Yen; Hsu, Yi-Sheng & Chen Han-Shen. (2021). Choice Experiment Method for Sustainable Tourism in Theme Parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 13(13), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137146.
Check J., Schutt R. K. Survey research. In: J. Check, R. K. Schutt. (2012). editors. Research methods in education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ching Goh, Hong. (2021). Strategies for post-Covid-19 prospects of Sabah’s tourist market – Reactions to shocks caused by pandemic or reflection for sustainable tourism?. Research in Globalization. 3(2), 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100056.
Clavé, S.A. (2007). The Global Theme Park Industry; CABI: London, UK, 2007.
Costanzo Erin S, Stawski Robert S, Ryff Carol D, Coe Christopher L, Almeida David M. (2012). Cancer survivors’ responses to daily stressors: implications for quality of life. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 31(3), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027018
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications.
Deng, J.; Li, J. (2019). Segmentation of nature-based tourists in a rural area (2008–2009): A single-item approach. Sustainability. 11(7), 2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072052
Dilsaver, Lary M. Rowman & Littlefield. (1997). America's National Park System: The Critical Documents.
DuBenske Lori L, Gustafson David H, Namkoong Kang, Hawkins Robert P, Atwood Amy K, Brown Roger L, Chih Ming-Yuan, McTavish Fiona, Carmack Cindy L, Buss Mary K, Govindan Ramaswamy, Cleary James F. (2014). CHESS improves cancer caregivers’ burden and mood: results of an eHealth RCT. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 33(10), 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034216.
Ejlali, P, & Anjam Shoea, R. (2012). Everyday Life in Urban Parks: Comparing Parks in Tehran and Kerman. Iranian Journal of Sociology. 13)3(, 111-148. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.17351901.1391.13.3.5.2 [In Persian].
France EF, Ring N, Thomas R, Noyes J, Maxwell M, Jepson R. (2014). A methodological systematic review of what’s wrong with meta-ethnography reporting. BMC Med Res Methodol. 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-119.
Fu, X.; Kang, J.; Tasci, A. (2017). Self-congruity and flow as antecedents of attitude and loyalty towards a theme park brand. J. Travel Tour Mark. 34(9), 1261–1273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1343704
Ghoreh Jili, Soraya; Rahmati, Mohammad Hussein; Pourkarimi, Javad (2019). Ambidexterity leadership Components: A Meta-synthesis Study. Teaching in Marine Sciences, 6(16), 123-128. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25383655.1398.6.1.10.0. [In Persian].
Groves, R.M.; Fowler, F. J.; Couper, M.P.; Lepkowski, J.M.; Singer, E.; Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey Methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Hannes K, Booth A, Harris J, Noyes J. (2013). Celebrating methodological challenges and changes: reflecting on the emergence and importance of the role of qualitative evidence in Cochrane reviews. Syst Rev. 2(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-84.
Heath, G; Cameron, E & Cummins, C. (2012). Paediatric ‘care closer to home’: stake-holder views and barriers to implementation. Health Place, 18(5), 1068-1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.05.003
Hung Lee, Tsung; Jan, Fen-Hauh; Liu, Jui-Tu. (2021). Developing an indicator framework for assessing sustainable tourism: Evidence from a Taiwan ecological resort. Ecological Indicators. 125(4), 107596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107596.
Idajati, Hertiari. (2014). Cultural And Tourism Planning As Tool For City Revitalization The Case Study Of Kalimas River, Surabaya-Indonesia. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 135 (14), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.337
Jackson, S.L. (2011) “Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Approach”, Cengage Learning.
Jones, N., McGinlay, J., Kontoleon, A., Maguire-Rajpaul, V. A., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Gkoumas, V., ... & Vanclay, F. (2022). Understanding Public Support for European Protected Areas: A Review of the Literature and Proposing a New Approach for Policy Makers. Land, 11(5), 733.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050733.
Krupa, J. (2014). Działania proekologiczne w turystyce szans ˛a na jej zrównowa ˙zony rozwój. Zesz. Nauk. Tur. Rekr, 1(13), 5–23. https://doi.org/d2856214-9350-4a04
Lachal, Jonathan; Revah-Levy, Anne; Orri, Massimiliano and Moro, Marie Rose. (2017). Metasynthesis: An Original Method to Synthesize Qualitative Literature in Psychiatry. Front. Psychiatry, 8, 269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.0026.
Lari, L.; Jabeen, F.; Iyanna, S. (2020). Prioritising theme park service quality in Islamic contexts: An analytic hierarchy process approach. Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res. 14, 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-10-2018-0147
Lee, S.; Jeong, E.; Qu, K. (2020). Exploring theme park visitors’ experience on satisfaction and revisit intention: A utilization of experience economy model. J. Qual. Assur. Hosp. Tour. 21(1), 474–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2019.1691702
Lemos, Clara Carvalho; Fischer, Thomas B & Souza, Marcelo Pereira. (2012). Strategic environmental assessment in tourism planning — Extent of application and quality of documentation. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 35, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2011.11.007
Lin, Dan & Simmon, David. (2017). Structured inter-network collaboration: Public participation in tourism planning in Southern China. Tourism Management. 63, 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.024.
Luque-Martínez, T.; Faraoni, N.; Doña-Toledo, L. (2019). Auditing the marketing and social media communication of natural protected areas. How marketing can contribute to the sustainability of tourism. Sustainability. 11(5), 4014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154014
Maguire, Moira & Delahunt, Brid. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step: Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. AISHE-J. 3, 3351- 33514. https://doi.org/349506918
Matiku, S. M; Zuwarimwe, J & Tshipala, N. (2020). Sustainable tourism planning and management for sustainable livelihoods, Development Southern Africa, 38(4), 524-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1801386.
Milman, A.; Tasci, A.D.; Wei, W. (2020). Crowded and popular: The two sides of the coin affecting theme-park experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. J. Destin. Mark. Manag. 18, 100468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100468
Milman, A.; Li, X.; Wang, Y.; Yu, Q. (2012). Examining the guest experience in themed amusement parks: Preliminary evidence from China. J. Vacat. Mark. 2012, 18(4), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712449374.
Myga-Piatek, U.; Jankowski, G.Wpływ turystyki na. (2009). ´srodowisko przyrodnicze i krajobraz kulturowy — Analiza wybranych przykładów obszarów górskich. Probl. Ekol. Krajobr. 25, 27–38. https://doi.org/d7618897-9d07-4c87-8.
Okello, MM, (2005). Land use changes and human–wildlife conflicts in the Amboseli area, Kenya. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 10(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200590904851.
Ole´sniewicz, P; Pytel, S; Markiewicz-Patkowska, J; Szromek, A.R & ˇna Jandová, S. (2020). A Model of the Sustainable Management of the Natural Environment in National Parks—A Case Study of National Parks in Poland. Sustainability. 12(7), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072704.
Penny Wan, Yim King. (2013). A comparison of the governance of tourism planning in the two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China e Hong Kong and Macao. Tourism Management. 36(4), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.005.
Ponto, Julie; Ann, Ellington; Lee, Mellon; Suzanne, Beck; Susan L. (2010). Predictors of adjustment and growth in women with recurrent ovarian cancer. Oncology nursing forum. 37(3), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1188/10.ONF.357-364.
Ponto, Julie. (2015). Understanding and Evaluating Survey Research. J Adv Pract Oncol. 6(2), 168–171. https://doi.org/286445115.
Quevedo, Jay Mar D.; Uchiyama, Yuta & Kohsaka, Ryo. (2021). Linking blue carbon ecosystems with sustainable tourism: Dichotomy of urban–rural local perspectives from the Philippines. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 45(1), 101820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101820.
Rahmafitria, Fitri; Pearcec, Philip L.; Oktadiana, Hera & Putro, Heru P.H. (2020). Tourism planning and planning theory: Historical roots and contemporary alignment. Tourism Management Perspectives. 35, 100703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100703.
Raluca, D.C.; Gina, S. (2008). Theme park-The main concept of tourism industry development. Ann. Univ. Oradea Econ. Sci. Ser. 17(2), 641–646. https://doi.org/d4d7d40f891124ee7408c2.
Randle, Erica Jane & Hoye, Russell. (2016). Stakeholder perception of regulating commercial tourism in Victorian National Parks, Australia. Tourism Management. 54, 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.002.
Reihanian, A.; Hin, T.W.;  Kahrom, E. & Binti Mahmood, N.Z. (2015). A framework for implementing sustainable tourism in national parks of Iran: development and use of sustainable tourism indica-tors in Boujagh National Park, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences (CJES). Volume 13(1), 41-52. https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_202.html
Sabahi Garaghani, Y & Marsusi, N. (2021). Analysis of the role of human barriers in the development of sustainable tourism in Kerman. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development. 9(35), 162-186. https://doi.org/10.22080/JTPD.2021.18738.3282. [In Persian].
Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2006). Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. Springer Publishing Company.
Séraphin, Hugues; Gowreesunkar, Vanessa; Roselé-Chim, Paul; Jamont Junior Duplan, Yves & Korstanje, Maximiliano. (2018). Tourism planning and innovation: The Caribbean under the spotlight. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 9, 384-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.03.004
Sgroi. Filippo. (2020). Forest resources and sustainable tourism, a combination for the resilience of the landscape and development of mountain areas. Science of The Total Environment. 736, 139539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139539.
Schulz, Florian. (2008). Yellowstone to Yukon. The Mountaineers Books.
Singleton R. A., Straits B. C. (2009). Approaches to social research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, M. Kyle S. ….; Dziba, Luthando. (2021). Sustainability of protected areas: Vulnerabilities and opportunities as revealed by COVID-19 in a national park management agency. Biological Conservation. 255, 108985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108985.
Spenceley, Anna; Snyman, Susan & Eagles, Paul F.J. (2019). A decision framework on the choice of management models for park and protected area tourism services. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 26, 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.03.004.
Tayebi, A; parhizghar, M; amini, M. T & shermohammadi, Y. (2021). Designing and explaining the model of tourism businesses with a sustainable development approach. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development. 10, (36), 219-244. [In Persian].
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2019). Definition of sustainable tourism development, retrieved from https://sdt.unwto.org/content/about-us-5 on April 27, 2019.
Tong A, Flemming K, McInnes E, Oliver S, Craig J. (2012). Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ. BMC Med Res Methodol. 12(1), 1-8. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-181.
Wei, Y.; He, S.; Li, G.; Chen, X.; Shi, L.; Lei, G.; Su, Y. (2019). Identifying nature–community nexuses for sustainably managing social and ecological systems: A case study of the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot area. Sustainability, 11, 1-19. doi:10.3390/su11216182 www.
Wu, H.C.; Li, M.Y.; Li, T. (2018). A study of experiential quality, experiential value, experiential satisfaction, theme park image, and revisit intention. J. Hosp. Tour. Res. 42(1), 26–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014563396.