Baby, J., K.P., S., & John M., B. (2024). Impact of artificial intelligence in urban tourism. In Recent trends in Management and Commerce (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. [page numbers]). REST Publisher. https://doi.org/10.46632/rmc/5/2/15
Badouch, Mohamed & Boutaounte, Mehdi. (2023). Personalized Travel Recommendation Systems: A Study of Machine Learning Approaches in Tourism. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning and Neural Network. 3. 35-45. 10.55529/jaimlnn.33.35.45
Baggio, R. (2023). Hetero-intelligence for sustainable tourism planning. Tourism & Management Studies, 19(1), 43–51. https://tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/article/view/2726
Batty, M. Axhausen, K. W. Giannotti, F. et al. (2012). Smart cities of the future. European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214(1), 481–518.
Becker, S., & Hahn, R. (2024). Leveraging AI to develop sustainable urban tourism policies. Urban Studies, 61(2), 362–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098023119980
Buhalis, D. & Sinarta, Y. (2019). Smart tourism: The role of information technologies in the transformation of tourism and hospitality. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.04.006
Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalization of services. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015, 377–389.
Cavallari, M. Pifferi, A. Benassi, G. & Micelli, S. (2023). Predicting Tourist Flow in Museums and Events Using Machine Learning: The POLIS-EYE Policy Support System. In Smart Tourism and Smart Cities (pp. 421–431). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95467-3_33
Chen, L. Zhang, X. & Zhang, Z. (2023). AI-driven optimization for urban transport systems: A study on congestion reduction. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(3), 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3148770
Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business Review Press.
Christodoulou, S. & Pelliccia, A. (2021). AI for Urban Mobility: The Future of Autonomous Public Transport. Journal of Urban Technology, 28(4), 83–99.
Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Del Vecchio, P. Mele, G. Ndou, V. & Secundo, G. (2021). Creating value from Social Big Data: Implications for Smart Tourism Destinations. Information Processing & Management, 58(3), 102519.
Dinis, G. Cvetkovic, S. & Ninkov, T. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Personalization on the Experience of Hotel Guests. Information, 15(11), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110700
EasyPark Torino Partnership. (2022). Optimizing urban parking using IoT sensors and AI. EasyPark Group. Retrieved from https://www.easyparkgroup.com/torino-partnership
European Commission. (2020). Smart Tourism and Artificial Intelligence in Cities. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu
European Commission. (2021a). 2030 Digital Compass: The European way for the Digital Decade. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission. (2023). Data-driven innovation for city tourism in the EU. EU Digital Innovation Reports. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-strategy/ai-eu-tourism
European Commission. (2023). Turin and Benidorm are the 2025 winners of the European Capital and Green Pioneer of Smart Tourism Awards.
European Commission. (2025, February 17). Industry Innovation: Torino named European Capital of Smart Tourism 2025. Retrieved from https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/news/industry-innovation-torino-named-european-capital-smart-tourism-2025-2025-02-17_en
European Parliament. (2021). Artificial intelligence and urban development. European Union Reports. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ai-urban-development
Fenu, G. & Pittarello, F. (2018). A sightseeing tour based on storytelling and augmented reality. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 11(1), 1–20.
Filieri, R., Mariani, M. M., & Baggio, R. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) for tourism: An European-based study on successful AI tourism start-ups. Tourism Management Perspectives, 39, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100817
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1).
Fondazione Torino Musei. (2022). Digital Innovation in Museums: Annual Report.
Fronzetti Colladon, A., Guardabascio, B., & Innarella, R. (2021). Using social network and semantic analysis to analyze online travel forums and forecast tourism demand. arXiv:2105.07727.
Gavalas, D. Konstantopoulos, C. Mastakas, K. & Pantziou, G. (2014). Mobile recommender systems in tourism. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 39, 319–333.
Gössling, S. Hall, C. M. & Peeters, P. (2023). AI and sustainable tourism: The role of artificial intelligence in balancing tourism growth and heritage conservation. Nature Sustainability, 6(4), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41599-023-01012-1
Grassi, A., & Lombardi, M. (2023). Enhancing visitor experience through AI: A case study from Rome. Tourism Management, 45, 101230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.101230
Gretzel, U. Sigala, M. Xiang, Z. & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
Gretzel, U. Sigala, M. Xiang, Z. & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
Gretzel, U. Sigala, M. Xiang, Z. & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Tourism Management Perspectives, 15, 41–47.
Gretzel, U. Sigala, M. Xiang, Z. & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
Gretzel, U. Sigala, M. Xiang, Z. & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.
GTT Annual Report. (2023). AI for real-time transport optimization during major events. Gruppo Torinese Trasporti. Retrieved from https://www.gtt.to.it/annual-report-2023
Halmi, A. Csapó, J. & Rátz, T. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in shaping the future of travel industry: An expert analysis of artificial travel itinerary planners. Deturope – Central European Journal of Regional Development and Tourism, 16(2), 59–78. https://www.deturope.eu/artkey/det-202402-0004.php
Han, D. I. D. Jung, T. & Gibson, A. (2014). Dublin AR: Implementing augmented reality in tourism. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014, 511–523.
Hong Kong Tourism Board. (2023). Hello Hong Kong Campaign.
Horizon 2020 Project Report. (2024). AI4Tourism: Opportunities and governance challenges. European Commission Horizon 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/horizon2020/ai4tourism
Huang, M. H. & Rust, R. T. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in Service. Journal of Service Research, 24(3), 317–330.
Interliggi, C. (2024, October 17). Artificial intelligence startups in Turin. Torino Tech Map. https://torinotechmap.it/en/curiosities/artificial-intelligence-startups-in-turin/
Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence. (2023). AI4I – Artificial Intelligence for Industry.
Ivanov, S. & Webster, C. (2019). Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies – a cost-benefit analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(11), 4125-4147.
Ivanov, S. & Webster, C. (2019). Perceived appropriateness and intention to use service robots in tourism. Technology in Society, 58, 101064.
Ivanov, S. & Webster, C. (2024). Digital Twins in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00002. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.00002
Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2017). Adoption of robots, artificial intelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies–a cost-benefit analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2325–2340.
Ivars-Baidal, J. A. Celdrán-Bernabeu, M. A. Femenia-Serra, F. Perles-Ivars, Á. & Meseguer-Artola, A. (2019). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: A new scenario for destination management?. Sustainability, 11(3), 716.
Jafari, A. & Arabzad, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100688.
Janiszewska, K., & Zmyślony, P. (2023). Smart tourism and AI in city branding and visitor experience. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25(6), 845–860. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2571
Jannach, D. Adomavicius, G. & Tuzhilin, A. (2017). Recommender systems – Challenges, insights and research opportunities. Information Systems, 67, 1–3.
Jovicic, D. Z. Mijin, D. M. Pavlovic, S. & Kalinic, Z. (2021). Artificial intelligence and European start-ups in travel and tourism: Venture capital insights. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(9), 3066–3085. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2021-0220
Jumper.ai Case Study. (2022). AI-powered travel itineraries for tailored experiences in Turin. Jumper.ai. Retrieved from https://www.jumper.ai/case-studies
Koh, J. & Kim, Y. (2020). AI-driven customer experience in hotels: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 102431.
Kounavis, C. D. Kasimati, A. E. & Zamani, E. (2021). The impact of augmented reality on tourism experiences. Tourism Management, 82, 104145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104145
Kuusela, J., & Virtanen, P. (2024). Real-time smart tourism tools in Helsinki. Journal of Urban Technology, 31(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2024.1754825
Li, J., Hu, C., Huang, Y., & Duan, L. (2018). The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services. Tourism Management, 68, 293–300.
Lu, J. Wu, D. Mao, M. Wang, W. & Zhang, G. (2015). Recommender system application developments: A survey. Decision Support Systems, 74, 12–32.
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (1955). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence.
Ministero del Turismo. (2021). Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza – Componente Cultura e Turismo.
Moovit. (2022). AI-Powered Transit Solutions. [https://moovitapp.com]
Moreira, R., & Nunes, T. (2023). AI-driven sentiment analysis in Lisbon’s urban tourism strategy. Journal of Tourism Management, 42, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2023.101111
Museo del Cinema Tech Report. (2022). AI in museum exhibits: Using facial recognition for audience engagement. Museo Nazionale del Cinema. Retrieved from https://www.museocinema.it/tech-report-2022
Museo Egizio. (2022). Annual report on AI narration for personalized museum experiences. Museo Egizio. Retrieved from https://www.museoegizio.it/annual-report-2022
OECD. (2022). Smart tourism and AI algorithms: Leveraging open data to enhance visitor experiences. OECD Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/smart-tourism
Orea-Giner, A., Muñoz-Mazón, A., Villacé-Molinero, T. and Fuentes-Moraleda, L. (2022), "Cultural tourist and user experience with artificial intelligence: a holistic perspective from the Industry 5.0 approach", Journal of Tourism Futures, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2022-0115
Ouaddi, C., Khan, H., & Santos, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence in tourism sector: Analysis study. Journal of Tourism Research, 32(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jotr.2024.02.001
Pine, B. J. & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Harvard Business Press.
Pinho, M., & Leal, F. (2024). AI-enhanced strategies to ensure new sustainable destination tourism trends among the 27 European Union member states. Sustainability, 16(22), 9844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229844
Ploch Palatková, M., & Ploch, J. (2024). Comparison of SMART tourism models of selected European city destinations. Journal of Smart Cities, 8(3), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smartcity.2024.01.005
Politecnico di Torino. (2021). AI and Smart Mobility: Research Initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.polito.it
Regione Piemonte. (2022). Smart City Turin and Regional Innovation Strategies. Retrieved from [official regional website or EU Smart Specialisation Platform].
Renard, J., & Müller, T. (2024). Ethical implications of AI use in public tourism services. Tourism and Society, 11(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tosoc.2024.01.004
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
Sabbioni, L., Musso, A., Ranaldo, A., & Valtolina, S. (2024). Automatic classification system for smart tourism tools using LLMs. arXiv:2410.18641.
Sapra, Y. (2024, November 25). AI in travel: The impact of AI chatbots and virtual assistants on travel. HashStudioz. https://www.hashstudioz.com/blog/ai-in-travel-the-impact-of-ai-chatbots-and-virtual-assistants-on-travel/
Schmitt, M., Piquet, L., & Howard, C. (2023). Augmented intelligence in cultural heritage tourism. International Journal of Cultural Heritage Management, 27(2), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2023-0337
Shah, H. (2024, October 3). AI in hospitality: Use cases, benefits and applications. Artificial Intelligence. URL: https://www.prismetric.com/ai-in-hospitality
Siddik, A. B., Forid, M. S., Yong, L., Du, A. M., & Goodell, J. W. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a catalyst for sustainable tourism growth and economic cycles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123875
Smart Nation Singapore. (2020). Ask Jamie Virtual Assistant. https://www.smartnation.gov.sg
Smart Nation Singapore. (2020). Smart Mobility in Action. [https://www.smartnation.gov.sg]
Smart Seoul. (2021). Smart Tourism Guide by Seoul City. Seoul Tourism Organization.
Smart Tourism Capital. (2024). A smart and sustainable guide to visiting Torino.
Smith, A. Wang, Y. & Lee, J. (2021). Enhancing heritage tourism with AI-guided tours. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 26(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2021.1888777
TimeLooper. (2023). History in your hands. [https://www.timelooper.com]
Torino City Lab. (2023). Innovation Projects and Partnerships in Smart Tourism. Retrieved from https://torinocitylab.it
Torino City Lab. (2023). Whitepaper on AI-driven optimization of tourist flows in Turin. Torino City Lab. Retrieved from https://www.torinocitylab.com/whitepapers
Torino Municipal Data. (2023). Real-time crowd monitoring and AI technologies in Piazza Castello. Torino Smart City. Retrieved from https://www.torinocitydata.it
Torres, M., Valerio, F., & Ruiz, A. (2023). AI and big data for urban tourist flow management in Barcelona. Tourism Economics, 29(4), 707–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816623117015
TrialsNet. (2024). Turin becomes a live laboratory for XR tourism with 5G and AI.
Tuominen, P. & Ascenção, M. P. (2021). Chatbots as co-creators of tourism experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100529.
Turin Clean City Project. (2022). Smart waste management: Using IoT sensors for optimized waste collection. Turin Municipality. Retrieved from https://www.torinclean.city
Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460.
Turismo Torino e Provincia. (2023). AI in Tourism Services. Retrieved from https://www.turismotorino.org
Turismo Torino. (2023). Chatbot implementation for tourism support in multiple languages. Turismo Torino e Provincia. Retrieved from https://www.turismotorino.org
Tussyadiah, I. P. (2020). A review of research into automation in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on AI and Robotics in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102883.
UNWTO. (2019). Smart tourism: A path towards innovation, inclusion, and sustainability. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Vargo, S. L. & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-17.
VisitBerlin. (2022). BerliBot – The chatbot for Berlin. https://www.visitberlin.de
WienBot. (2022). Your smart city assistant. [https://www.wien.gv.at/wienbot]
Xiang, Z. & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). Analytics in smart tourism design: Concepts and methods. Springer.
Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Tourism: Challenges and Research Agenda. Journal of Travel Research, 62(2), 331–343.
Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y., & Fan, W. (2015). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 51–65.
Yoo, K. H., Sigala, M., & Gretzel, U. (2021). Exploring the use of AI in tourism marketing: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100634.
Yovcheva, Z. Buhalis, D. & Gatzidis, C. (2015). Overview of smartphone augmented reality applications for tourism. eReview of Tourism Research, 10(2), 63–66.
Zhang, Y. & Levinson, D. (2011). Investing in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Analyzing Benefits and Costs. Transportation Research Record, 2243(1), 1–10.
ZIA Project. (2024). zIA: a GenAI‑powered local auntie assists tourists in Italy. arXiv:2407.11830.