گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کاندیدای دکتری، گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکدهٔ مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: در روند تحولات پرشتاب جهان، گردشگری، دیگر فقط سیر آفاق، عبرت­گیری و تجربه­اندوزی اخلاقی نیست، بلکه به مثابه پدیده ­ای معناساز بر اساس درک و فهم کنشگران از آن، ذیل زمینه­ مندی اقتصادی-فرهنگی در هر جامعه تعریف می­ شود. تنوع و تعدد کنشگران و زمینه­ های شکل ­گیری گردشگری، منجر به شکل­ گیری تعاریف رنگارنگی از گردشگری شده است. در بررسی تعاریف موجود، مشخصه­ ها و ویژگی ­هایی از گردشگری استخراج شد که تحت عنوان اصول بنیادی و مطلوب گردشگری تقسیم ­بندی می ­شدند، اما هیچ یک از تعاریف، این اصول و ویژگی ­ها را به طور هم­زمان در بر نمی ­گرفتند. با وجود این، حتی اگر تعریفی، همۀ آن­ها را شامل شود، ویژگی ­های ضروری دیگری برای درک و توصیف گردشگری به عنوان یک فعالیت چندبُعدی وجود دارند که ضروری هستند، اما کنار گذاشته یا نادیده گرفته شدند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، استخراج و استقرای ویژگی ­های کنار گذاشته یا نادیده گرفته شده گردشگری به منظور بازتعریف آن است.
روش­ شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، توصیفی-اکتشافی، از نظر مخاطب، یک پژوهش بنیادی و بر اساس نحوۀ گردآوری داد­ه ­ها از نوع پژوهش آمیخته (کمّی-کیفی) است.
یافته­ ها: یافته ­ها در قالب تعاریف و ویژگی ­های موجود گردشگری (تز)، ویژگی ­های نادیده گرفته ­شدۀ گردشگری (آنتی ­تز) و تفسیر و ترکیب ویژگی ­های موجود و نادیده گرفته ­شدۀ گردشگری و بازتعریف آن (سنتز) گزارش شدند.
نتیجه ­گیری و پیشنهادات: به عنوان نتیجۀ مهم این پژوهش، برای تعریف نمودن گردشگری، ابتدا می ­بایست آبشخور فلسفی و رویکردی تعریف و جایگاه آن در نظام ارزشی جامعه مشخص گردد؛ اینکه عرضه­ محور، تقاضامحور و یا کل ­گرایانه است. همچنین در درون هر رویکرد نیز باید ویژگی ­های کامل آن رویکرد لحاظ شود. برای این کار می­ توان مفاهیم را مقوله ­بندی و عنصرسازی نمود تا تعریف در دل کلمات و مفاهیم گم نشود و سپس در یک پیوست، مقوله ­ها و عناصر را تشریح نمود.
نوآوری و اصالت: با ترکیب تعاریف موجود و عناصر شناسایی شدۀ جدید، با تأکید بر اینکه "گردشگری، گردشگری است"، بازتعریفی از گردشگری ارائه گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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